Published on January 2022 | BIOCHEMISTRY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

Mistranslation of Genetic Codon and Their Controlling Mechanism in Cell

Mistranslation is the incorporation of errors during translation, which may lead to the mis-incorporation in the polypeptide chain by an altered amino acid that is different from the one being translated by the normal gene. Mistranslation was previously known as the root of disease, but current studies suggest that some organisms have adapted numerous pathways to tolerate the translation error such as fitness can be increased by mistranslation through eradicating deleterious mutations. It can also protect bacteria against oxidative stress. A cell can control mistranslation by different controlling mechanisms. This study discusses different controlling mechanisms used by a cell to control the misincorporation of amino acids. Mistranslation can be controlled by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRSs) editing function, discrimination against mis-acylated aminoacyl tRNA (aa-tRNA) by EF-Tu, and by giving up the right substrates for protein synthesis. By manipulating the controlling mechanism of mistranslation, it can be utilized as a tool to produce novel biopharmaceuticals, for curing disease and to enhance the cell potential against environmental stresses